25.- Can wind farms cause climate changes ?

I would say that wind farms are very benefit for humans in enviromental impatcs.  

Compared to the environmental impact of traditional energy sources, the environmental impact of wind power is relatively minor. Wind power consumes no fuel, and emits no air pollution, unlike fossil fuel power sources. The energy consumed to manufacture and transport the materials used to build a wind power plant is equal to the new energy produced by the plant within a few months. While a wind farm may cover a large area of land, many land uses such as agriculture are compatible, with only small areas of turbine foundations and infrastructure made unavailable for use.

We must remember that wind farms do not generate wind airflow, conversely wind farms only transform winds to generate "Green Energy" , Clean and durable Electricity.

 Only critics to wind farms come from  reports of birds and bats mortality at wind turbines as there are around other artificial structures. The scale of the ecological impact may or may not be significant, depending on specific circumstances. Prevention and mitigation of wildlife fatalities, and protection of peat bogs, affect the siting and operation of wind turbines.

                  The Gansu Wind Farm in China is the largest wind farm in the world, with a target capacity of 20,000 MW by 2020 

In order to underline afirmations we search declarations for  WWF Scotland’s director Lang Banks  in 2014 WheaterEnergy Report about investment in wind and solar power.

“Without doubt, 2014 was a massive year for renewables, with wind turbines and solar panels helping to ensure millions of tonnes of climate-wreaking carbon emissions were avoided. With 2015 being a critical year for addressing climate change internationally, it’s vital that Scotland continues to press ahead with plans to harness even greater amounts of clean energy. 

20. Do dogs sweat from their tongues?

Do dogs sweat from their tongues?

The skin of the dog's body is not like the people and has no glands that help humans sweat. Dogs perspire through his pads, but they expel the heat through their mouth. This explains that dogs sweat by their tongues.

Through the pads of the feet, dogs eliminate heat by perspiration (for these reason we see that they leave marked their footprints on the floor when they have heat.

Gasping is without a doubt the most important thermoregulator mechanism. Have you ever seen that when our dogs have heat take out the tongue, they gasp and breathe stronger? They do it in an excess of temperature. Hot blood is pumped to the tongue, which is able to eliminate the heat in the form of humidity.

Gasping is one characteristic that all dogs have and they can begin gasping without doing any effort , this is how they carry out the perspiration and this able them to eliminate the temperature they don’t want.

WHAT´S THE SMALLEST VERTEBRATE ?

Paedophryne amauensis is a species of frog from Papua New Guinea discovered in August 2009 and formally described in January 2012.At 7.7 mm (0.30 in) in length, it is considered the world's smallest known vertebrate.The newly described frog species was listed in the Top 10 New Species 2013 by the International Institute for Species Exploration for discoveries made during 2012. The list was announced on 22 May 2013.Similar to all species of Paedophryne known so far, members of Paedophryne amauensis live in the leaf litter on the floors of tropical forests. They are capable of jumping thirty times their body length. The frog is crepuscular and feeds on small invertebrates. Males call for mates with a series of very high-pitched insect-like peeps at a frequency of 8400–9400 Hz.              

 
The frog species was discovered in August 2009 by Louisiana State University herpetologist Christopher Austin and his PhD student Eric Rittmeyer while on an expedition to explore the biodiversity of Papua New Guinea. The new species was found near Amau village in the Central Province, from which its specific name is derived. The discovery was published in the peer-reviewed scientific journal PLoS ONE in January 2012.Because the frogs have calls that resemble those made by insects and are camouflaged among leaves on the forest floor, Paedophryne amauensis were difficult to detect. While recording nocturnal frog calls in the forest, Austin and Rittmeyer used triangulation to identify the source of an unknown animal and discovered the frogs by scooping up handfuls of leaf litter and putting it into plastic bags where they spotted the tiny frog hopping around.
                               

Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Subphylum:	Vertebrata
Class:	Amphibia
Order:	Anura
Family:	Microhylidae
Subfamily:	Asterophryinae
Genus:	Paedophryne
Species:	P. amauensis

                                                              BY:  RAÚL ORTIZ

Is it safe to eat genetically modified fish?

Is it safe to eat genetically modified fish?

Yes , it is safety because the agency of food and medicines of the EE.UU (FDA). It authorize the salmon genetically modified for human consumption. This fish (salmon) is the first animal modified to eat it safety. They injected a gen from Chinook salmon of the pacific ocean that accelerates the growing. These fish grow up in places close to urban centers . This food is approved only in the U.S. In Europe we need more information on this process to approve it. A kind of salmon that's been genetically modified so that it grows faster may be on the way to a supermarket near you. The Food and Drug Administration approved the fish on Thursday — a decision that environmental and food-safety groups are vowing to fight. This new kind of fast-growing salmon was actually created 25 years ago by Massachusetts-based AquaBounty Technologies. A new gene was inserted into fertilized salmon eggs — it boosted production of a fish growth hormone. The result: a fish that grows twice as fast as its conventional, farm-raised counterpart. AquaBounty has been trying to get government approval to sell its fish ever since. Five years ago, the FDA's scientific advisers concluded that the genetically modified fish, known as AquaAdvantage salmon, is safe to eat and won't harm the environment.

2.-Is the International Space Station noisy? Can this cause problems to the astronauts?


The International Space Station is quite noisy. Sound levels at the International Space Station, which is in low Earth orbit since 1998, ranging between 55 and 78 decibels, equivalent to the volume between a normal conversation and a lawnmower. The noise comes from the fans that circulate the air in the station. Before the noise was ten highest decibels.

NASA has tried to reduce noise by soundproofing various systems, such as vibration isolation fan, install acoustic panels on the walls and silencers on vents. Spoiled fans with more efficient are also replaced. With repairs, the levels are close to achieving the target, between 50 and 60 decibels.


Astronauts spend up to six months on the station conducting research, so noise is a real problem. On Earth acceptable levels below 85 decibels are considered in work environments, but there is no standard for uninterrupted exposure beyond eight hours a day. And at the station no way to avoid exposure to noise. Team members who work, eat and sleep on the service module are there continuously, without rest. Apart from an article by a Russian news agency in which a decrease in hearing astronauts mentioned, there is no evidence to prove it, but there is no doubt that it would be beneficial that the station was quieter.

The problem of high noise is such that the astronauts are forced long to sleep with earplugs.

This has led, according to an article by the Russian news agency that there are cases of decreased hearing ability of astronauts. There is no evidence to support it, but NASA continues to work on reducing this everlasting noise.

To this end, it has sought to reduce noise with different soundproofing systems, such as vibration isolation fan, install acoustic panels on the walls and silencers on vents. It is estimated that soon levels between 50 and 60 decibels is achieved.

"Team members who work, eat and sleep on the service module are there continuously without rest." Apart from an article in a Russian news agency in which a decrease in hearing astronauts mentioned, there is no evidence to prove it, but there is no doubt that it would be beneficial that the station was quieter.   

Laura Bertrán Rebollo  1º.A

Why mosquitoes bite some people more than others?

Not surprisingly—since, after all, mosquitoes bite us to harvest proteins from our blood—research shows that they find certain blood types more appetizing than others. One study found that in a controlled setting, mosquitoes landed on people with Type O blood nearly twice as often as those with Type A. People with Type B blood fell somewhere in the middle of this itchy spectrum. Additionally, based on other genes, about 85 percent of people secrete a chemical signal through their skin that indicates which blood type they have, while 15 percent do not, and mosquitoes are also more attracted to secretors than nonsecretors regardless of which type they are.






One of the key ways mosquitoes locate their targets is by smelling the carbon dioxide emitted in their breath—they use an organ called a maxillary palp to do this, and can detect carbon dioxide from as far as 164 feet away. As a result, people who simply exhale more of the gas over time—generally, larger people—have been shown to attract more mosquitoes than others. This is one of the reasons why children get bit less often than adults, on the whole.



In addition to carbon dioxide, mosquitoes find victims at closer range by smelling the lactic acid, uric acid, ammonia and other substances expelled via their sweat, and are also attracted to people with higher body temperatures. Because strenuous exercise increases the buildup of lactic acid and heat in your body, it likely makes you stand out to the insects. Meanwhile, genetic factors influence the amount of uric acid and other substances naturally emitted by each person, making some people more easily found by mosquitos than others.

Other research has suggested that the particular types and volume of bacteria that naturally live on human skin affect our attractiveness to mosquitoes. In a 2011 study scientists found that having large amounts of a few types of bacteria made skin more appealing to mosquitoes. Surprisingly, though, having lots of bacteria but spread among a greater diversity of different species of bacteria seemed to make skin less attractive. This also might be why mosquitoes are especially prone to biting our ankles and feet—they naturally have more robust bacteria colonies.

Just a single 12-ounce bottle of beer can make you more attractive to the insects, one study found. But even though researchers had suspected this was because drinking increases the amount of ethanol excreted in sweat, or because it increases body temperature, neither of these factors were found to correlate with mosquito landings, making their affinity for drinkers something of a mystery.

In several different studies, pregnant women have been found to attract roughly twice as many mosquito bites as others, likely a result of the fact the unfortunate confluence of two factors: They exhale about 21 percent more carbon dioxide and are on average about 1.26 degrees Fahrenheit warmer than others.

What happens to the space after oil or gas are removed?

      WHAT HAPENS TO THE SPACE  REMAINING AFTER OIL OR GAS ARE REMOVED?



First, let's go back to how the oil exists in a reservoir. There are two primary types of reservoirs in which oil and gas are found. These are sandstones and carbonates. In carbonates, the porosity is formed primarily by solution cavities or entrapped water preventing the original holes being filled in. Most of the porosity comes from solution after deposition. In sandstones, the porosity is formed by the packing of the sand grains. Except in a few rare instances, the oil and gas migrated into the reservoir after it was formed, displacing the water that originally filled all of the pore space. This means that when you begin to produce the oil, the holes are filed with a film of water on the surface of the grains or holes and then by oil in the remaining spaces. Migrating oil cannot displace all of the water because the surface tension causes the water to differentially cling to the surfaces of the grain/pores. The amount of oil is variable and depends on several factors - roundness, sorting of size, the amount of clay in the rock (both carbonates and sands,) size distribution skewness - on and on. These factors are important as they dictate the way and the rate at which oil is extracted. A reservoir with a low oil saturation is harder to produce as a.) you need to somehow dispose of the water and B.) it needs to be produced more slowly, although most people do not consider the latter when they begin producing a well. I know of reservoirs that have not been produced because of the inability to dispose of the water. These are actually brines, not pure water. As such they cannot be dumped into the hydrological regiment but must be re-injected deep into the ground where they have no possibility of contaminating the ground or surface water.

There are two things that may occur, depending on the geometry of the oil reservoir. If the reservoir is relatively thin, 10's of feet, the water will encroach from the sides only. In a thicker reservoir, there is BETTER pressure maintenance as there is more surface area pushing on the interstitial fluids. (Remember, the fluid in a reservoir is not in a cavity but is in pores that need to be treated differently for different conditions.) Also, reservoirs are not isotropic in their composition. There are different layers with different characteristics, thus "wetness" - or the amount of water bound to the rock - and there are also variations within each layer. 

This leads to another concept - transmissiblity. Obviously if the hole space is larger there is a greater ability for water to pass through, right? - Wrong. The ability of the a rock to transmit fluid depends on the "interconnectedness" of the pores as well as the size of the pores. It is also dependent on the amount of bound water, the viscosity of the oil - lower viscosity oil moves more poorly than higher viscosity oil, etc. Thus, within a reservoir that is 10 feet thick and is driven dominantly by water displacement energy, (as opposed to the energy derived from gas that is in solution) water can displace oil differentially. This is the edge-water drive, as shown in the two figures below. 

                               
                           


As can be seen above, water moves in on the edges of the reservoir, thus the sub-division "edge-water drive." But the movement of oil is different depending on the properties of the sand or carbonate layer. The larger the sand grains or holes in the carbonate, the better the water is able to "sweep" the oil in front of it. The finer the grain of sand or the more shale and silt in the rock, the harder it is to sweep the oil in front of the water. A thin layer of shale can separate the sand body into two distinct reservoirs, as shown. There is the probability that these shale layers do not extend throughout the entire body, so the layers communicate vertically, complicating the mechanics of the drive mechanism even more. In an edge-water drive this isn't as critical as it is in a bottom water drive, shown below. On the left, the shale layer is absent and the bottom layer is more efficiently swept by the water drive. 




                     

                         




The dissolved gases in the reservoir also complicate the coning problem. It reduces the importance of the water drive but increases the need for pressure maintenance. 

The best way to combat coning is to institute a pressure maintenance system and also not be greedy. A producer can "pull" a well too much. When I first started work in the oil business, in 1969, the State of Texas has a limit on how much an operator could produce a certain well or field. It was at about 40-45% of the absolute open flow (or the maximum amount a well could produce.) On an open choke, a well wastes a lot of energy that is contained in the reservoir by too rapid an expansion of the gases in the oil. If there is no re-injection of the gas or the gas was flared - as it commonly was at that time; gas was worth only $0.11 per thousand cubic feet - it was not re-injected into the reservoir to maintain the pressure within that reservoir. Only in the larger oil fields was it common to find re-injection of gas for pressure maintenance. The unfortunate problem was, and still is, that most people in the business did not have any understanding of how a reservoir worked. As I was thrown into the lion's den of reservoirs during my first summer job while in university, I had to become educated quickly in these things - BUT back to the discussion. 

Pressure maintenance can be done in several ways. Injection of fluids of different types or by re-injection of fluids. I am using fluids in the broad sense, various gases, including CO2, methane and the higher carbon-hydrogen chain gases such as ethane, pentane, butane, etc, produced with the oil, and water or even oil-miscible fluids.

As you can see, the choices are numerous and need to be designed for the specific demands presented by each oil field. This branch of petroleum geology is actually geological engineering. Ideally a petroleum reservoir engineer and a reservoir geologist work together to design each pressure maintenance system. The advent of computer modeling has greatly enhanced the ability to design these programs. But an engineer must have mastery of the geology to design the models properly. Unfortunately, this is only given cursory attention by most small to medium sized companies.
                                                             

How can you make snow at home?

-->Do you know that you can make snow at home? It is really easy and I am going to tell to you now:

-->INGREDIENTS: Baking Soda , Shaving cream and 2 drops of lavender essential oil.

-->FIRST: You put the baking soda into the cooking poot.

-->SECOND: Put the shaving cream into the cooking poot with the baking soda.

-->THIRD: You mix the shaving cream with the baking soda.

-->This snow is 100% artificial , not confuse with real snow becose it is not.

-->It's easy and funny to make this fake snow. And easier to do this on a cookig poot.

By Pablo De la Torre Paniagua 1ºA

How much junk is in space? Why should I worry about junk space?

Space junk are artificial objects orbiting Earth useless. It consists of things as varied as large debris and old satellites rockets, explosions challenges, or challenges rocket 
components such as dust and paint chips.

Garbage has become a growing concern in recent years, orbital speeds can be highly damaging to functioning satellites models.

The concept of space junk was born on October 4, 1957. More than 4,200 launches have been littering Earth orbit. The small size of the challenges and high speed make them very dangerous projectiles.

Despite the small size of most of the fragments, the breakneck speed at which they are subjected, make them a serious threat to any mission may be made in the near future.

PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES

  Among the measures they are beginning to take to avoid risks include:

             - Study and measurement of objects by radar and optical telescopes

             - Attempt to reduce the number of objects that can become space junk.

             - Establish international agreements